The method to analyze chemical components in order to study natural compound in archaeological wood samples has been applied since 1906. In Vietnam, this method is used to study the adhesive stuff in the construction of Champa temples in 2000. The paper presents the thin-layer chromatography, the process of extracting wood layers and an attempt to identify archaeological wood through exploring chemical components with the thin-layer chromatographical approach. In comparison with the standard samples, the analyzed results enable us to identify the tree-type correspondent to the results from the archaeological studies. The study results show that it is very likely to analyze natural compound with the thin-layer chromatographical approach, with the second extracted layer, to identify archaeological wood types.